1. The Masoretic Text (Hebrew Old Testament)
The authoritative Hebrew and Aramaic text of the 24 books of the Tanakh (Old Testament), standardized between the 7th and 10th centuries CE by Jewish scholars known as the Masoretes. The discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls in 1947 confirmed the astounding accuracy of the Masoretic text over more than a millennium of scribal transmission.
2. The Textus Receptus (KJV Basis)
Compiled by Desiderius Erasmus in 1516, the Textus Receptus ("Received Text") represents the Byzantine manuscript family. It served as the primary translation foundation for the King James Bible of 1611 and the Geneva Bible.
3. The Critical Text (Nestle-Aland / UBS - Modern Versions)
Modern translations like the ESV, NIV, and NASB rely on an eclectic critical Greek text (NA28 / UBS5) that weighs thousands of early papyri (such as Papyrus 66 and Codex Sinaiticus) discovered over the last two centuries to reconstruct the most accurate original readings.